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Personalisation happens when activities allow students to use language to express their own ideas, feelings, preferences and opinions.

Task-based learning is an approach to language learning where learners are given interactive tasks to complete.

The communicative approach is based on the idea that learning language successfully comes through having to communicate real meaning.

Communicative competence refers to a learner's ability to use language to communicate successfully.

Writing, like all other aspects of language, is communicative. Think about what we write in real life. We write e-mails, lists, notes, covering letters, reports, curriculums, assignments, essays perhaps if we study.

This is the second of two articles that deal with the topic of intercultural awareness and learning. The first article - Intercultural learning 1 - sets out the methodological background to this topic, and this, the second article, offers practical suggestions for the classroom.

Body language plays a key role, especially at the subconscious level, in communication and an awareness of it and how it can vary from culture to culture, can be particularly important in helping students to develop their ability to understand in a real environment.

This article is written for teachers with large classes of students who have encountered some of the following or similar problems during speaking activities in their classroom.

Negotiation of meaning is a process that speakers go through to reach a clear understanding of each other.

‘How can I teach English to a learner who has difficulty speaking and understanding their own language?’