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Mechanical activities are activities learners do which are not meaningful but which may be necessary in order to have the tools to use language.

This is the second part of an article on drilling, a technique that has been used in foreign language classrooms for many years. It was a key feature of audio lingual approaches to language teaching which placed emphasis on repeating structural patterns through oral practice.

Listening skills are hard to develop. Learners can do a variety of work before listening to help them understand.

A substitution drill is a classroom technique used to practise new language.

This is the first part of an article on drilling, a technique that has been used in foreign language classrooms for many years. It was a key feature of audio lingual approaches to language teaching which placed emphasis on repeating structural patterns through oral practice.

Auxiliary verbs are added to main verbs to make them work in other forms, such as questions, negatives, and other times.

Flash cards are a simple, versatile, yet often underexploited resource. I would like to offer some reasons for using flash cards and a selection of activities for use in the Young Learner classroom, although some of the activities could also be used with fun-loving, lower level adult classes.

Negotiation of meaning is a process that speakers go through to reach a clear understanding of each other.

A drill is a classroom technique used to practise new language. It involves the teacher modelling a word or a sentence and the learners repeating it.

Minimal pairs are pairs of words that only have one sound different.